The Evolution of Thanksgiving in the United States: Introduction

“Reflect upon your present blessings—of which every man has many—not on your past misfortunes, of which all men have some” – Charles Dickens (1839). “Sketches by Boz”, p.172

Thanksgiving in the United States is a truly unique holiday. It is civic, secular, and religious all at once, making it remarkably universal. It’s about more than just a meal—it’s about an attitude and a behavior that anyone can participate in, regardless of background. Thanksgiving is a day that brings people together, making it one of the most perfect holidays for fostering a sense of community and national unity.

When I began exploring the history of Thanksgiving, I quickly realized it’s far more than a simple origin story. What I thought would be a straightforward dive into its past turned into a fascinating journey down a rabbit hole, uncovering layer after layer of history and the individuals who played pivotal roles in shaping Thanksgiving as we know it today. My initial plan for one concise blog post has evolved into something much larger, as the depth and richness of the topic demand more space to do it justice.

What I’ve discovered is that Thanksgiving has developed in tandem with some of the most significant moments in United States history. From the Pilgrims’ gratitude for the Wampanoag’s assistance, to proclamations during the Revolutionary War, to George Washington’s first national Thanksgiving after the ratification of the Constitution, to Abraham Lincoln’s call for unity in the Civil War, and finally to its codification as a federal holiday in the midst of World War II—each milestone reflects the challenges and triumphs of a growing nation and much to be grateful for.

The history of Thanksgiving is not just the story of a holiday; it’s the story of a nation, its resilience, and its enduring spirit of gratitude. Because of the complexity and importance of this history, I’ve decided to create a multi-post series that delves into Thanksgiving’s evolution, its significance across time, and its relevance today. Together, we’ll explore how Thanksgiving has shaped—and been shaped by—the American experience, and what it can teach us about gratitude as a powerful force for individuals, communities, and nations alike.

Thanksgiving Through the Arc of American History

Thanksgiving has been interwoven with the fabric of the United States since its very beginnings—and even before, in its colonial origins. Each chapter in the development of Thanksgiving reflects not only a moment of gratitude but also a key milestone in the nation’s story, mirroring both its triumphs and its darkest hours.

The Embryonic Stage: The Pilgrims and Native Americans

Thanksgiving’s roots can be traced back to 1621, when the Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony held a feast with the Wampanoag people. The Pilgrims, having endured a brutal winter where nearly half their number perished, were grateful for the Wampanoag’s assistance, particularly in teaching them agricultural practices that allowed for their first successful harvest. This moment of gratitude was more than a celebration of survival; it was a testament to cooperation and mutual aid, themes that resonate in the spirit of Thanksgiving to this day.

Revolutionary Beginnings: A Proclamation of Gratitude

Fast forward to 1777, during the American Revolutionary War. The fledgling United States, embroiled in a struggle for independence, faced immense challenges. After the pivotal victory at the Battle of Saratoga, the Continental Congress declared a national day of Thanksgiving to express gratitude for this crucial triumph. This proclamation was not only a recognition of divine providence but also a unifying gesture for the colonies, reminding them of their shared cause and purpose amidst the uncertainty of war.

A Nation Founded: Gratitude for the Constitution

In 1789, as the United States took its first steps as a constitutional republic, President George Washington issued the nation’s first Thanksgiving Proclamation under the new Constitution. Washington called for a day of thanksgiving to recognize the blessings of liberty, peace, and the successful establishment of the federal government. It was a moment of collective gratitude for the birth of the United States as a unified nation—a testament to the resilience and determination of its people.

Thanksgiving in the Nation’s Darkest Hour

The significance of Thanksgiving took on a profound meaning during the Civil War, the darkest chapter in U.S. history. In 1863, as the nation was torn apart by conflict, President Abraham Lincoln proclaimed Thanksgiving as a national holiday, to be observed annually on the last Thursday of November. Lincoln’s proclamation was a call for unity and reflection, urging Americans to find hope and gratitude despite the devastation around them. It was a powerful reminder that even in times of division and suffering, the nation could hold onto its shared values and aspirations.

A Modern Tradition: Codifying Thanksgiving

In 1941, as the United States stood on the brink of full involvement in World War II, Thanksgiving was officially codified as a federal holiday by an act of Congress. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the legislation, fixing the holiday on the fourth Thursday of November. This decision came at a moment of profound global and national challenge. As the country prepared for the sacrifices of war, Thanksgiving offered an opportunity to reflect on the blessings of freedom and the resilience of the American spirit. It became a symbol of unity and hope for a nation about to face enormous trials.

A Holiday for All Seasons

From the gratitude of the Pilgrims for the Wampanoag’s assistance to the reflective hope of Lincoln’s proclamation during the Civil War, Thanksgiving has evolved alongside the United States. At each turning point—whether during revolution, union, or global conflict—it has served as a reminder of the nation’s ability to endure, to unite, and to find blessings even in the most challenging times. Thanksgiving is not just a holiday; it is a testament to the enduring spirit of gratitude that defines the American story.

The Power of Thanksgiving: Gratitude in Times of Adversity

Thanksgiving has always served a profound purpose for the United States. Beyond its historical milestones and traditions, it has acted as a touchstone for the nation—a moment to pause and reflect on blessings, even when times are at their hardest. This reminder of gratitude is more than symbolic; it is a deeply transformative behavior with far-reaching effects, not only for individuals but also for society as a whole.

Gratitude Amid Adversity

Throughout history, Thanksgiving has emerged during some of the nation’s most challenging periods: the harsh survival conditions of the Pilgrims, the uncertainty of the Revolutionary War, the deep divisions of the Civil War, and the global devastation of World War II. Each time, Thanksgiving reminded Americans to focus on what they still had to be thankful for: perseverance, hope, freedom, and community.

In difficult moments, gratitude acts as a counterbalance to despair. It doesn’t deny hardship but shifts attention toward what is good, fostering resilience and the strength to keep moving forward. Thanksgiving has been a national affirmation of this principle, teaching that gratitude is not just a reaction to prosperity but a choice, even in the face of adversity.

The Science of Gratitude

Modern psychology underscores what Thanksgiving has long embodied: gratitude is a powerful force for well-being. Research has shown that practicing gratitude can lead to significant psychological and physiological benefits for individuals, while also enhancing social cohesion and cultural health.

For Individuals:

Mental Health: Gratitude reduces stress, anxiety, and depression. By focusing on the positive aspects of life, people can reframe their mindset, increasing optimism and satisfaction.

Physical Health: Studies suggest that gratitude can lower blood pressure, improve sleep, and strengthen the immune system. These physiological effects make gratitude a practical tool for overall health.

Resilience: Gratitude has been linked to greater emotional resilience, helping people bounce back from adversity by fostering a sense of hope and meaning.

For Society and Culture:

Social Bonds: Gratitude strengthens relationships by promoting empathy, trust, and mutual support. A society that values gratitude is more likely to foster cooperation and community.

Cultural Identity: Thanksgiving, as a collective expression of gratitude, creates a shared cultural moment that unites people across divisions. It reminds a nation of its common values and aspirations.

Moral and Ethical Growth: Gratitude encourages humility and a sense of interdependence, values that are essential for a healthy, functioning society.

“The Hand of providence has been so conspicuous in all this, that he must be worse than an infidel that lacks faith, and more than wicked, that has not gratitude enough to acknowledge his obligations” – George Washington (1852). “The life of General Washington: first president of the United States”, p.115

Gratitude: A Behavior Worth Cultivating

Thanksgiving teaches that gratitude is not just an emotion but a practice—a behavior we can cultivate in our daily lives. It’s a mindset that asks us to look beyond our struggles and acknowledge the good that surrounds us, whether it’s in our relationships, opportunities, or even small moments of beauty.

On an individual level, gratitude improves mental and physical health, making it a key to personal well-being. On a broader scale, gratitude strengthens communities, deepens connections, and fosters resilience in the face of challenges. Thanksgiving, as a holiday, embodies this collective practice, offering a reminder that gratitude is not just a personal virtue but a cornerstone of cultural strength.

A Timeless Lesson

As a nation, we’ve turned to Thanksgiving time and again to remind ourselves of the blessings we hold, even in the darkest times. Gratitude, as woven into the holiday’s history, is not just a response to abundance but a choice to focus on what is meaningful and enduring. In doing so, it uplifts individuals and unites communities, proving that even in the hardest moments, there is always something to be thankful for.

Gratitude as a Unifying Force

Thanksgiving stands apart as a uniquely unifying holiday. Unlike celebrations tied to specific religious beliefs, political events, or cultural traditions, Thanksgiving transcends these divisions. Its core themes—gratitude, resilience, and unity—speak to the universal human experience and create a space where people of all backgrounds can come together.

A Holiday That Transcends Divides

One of Thanksgiving’s greatest strengths is its inclusivity. While its roots trace back to specific historical events, its essence is not bound by those moments. Instead, it has evolved into a holiday that celebrates gratitude in all its forms. Whether expressed through religious prayer, secular reflection, or communal gatherings, the act of giving thanks is something everyone can participate in, regardless of their personal beliefs or political views.

In a world that often feels fractured, Thanksgiving serves as a reminder of what we share: the need for connection, the strength found in resilience, and the power of gratitude to heal and inspire. It encourages us to pause and focus on what unites us as individuals, families, and communities.

Timeless Themes of Gratitude and Resilience

The enduring relevance of Thanksgiving lies in its ability to reflect and adapt to the challenges of its time. Throughout history, its themes have been a source of strength and unity during periods of hardship, from the Civil War to World War II to modern uncertainties. Gratitude fosters resilience, giving us the perspective to find hope and meaning even when faced with adversity. It reminds us to appreciate the blessings we often overlook and to hold onto what truly matters.

Thanksgiving also calls us to reflect on the bonds that sustain us—whether with family, friends, or our broader communities. In this way, it becomes not just a celebration of the harvest but a reaffirmation of our shared humanity.

“Do not be anxious about anything, but in every situation, by prayer and petition, with thanksgiving, present your requests to God.” – Ephesians 5:20

Your Traditions of Gratitude

As you prepare to celebrate Thanksgiving, take a moment to reflect on your own traditions of gratitude. What does this holiday mean to you? Perhaps it’s gathering with loved ones around a table, taking stock of life’s blessings, or extending kindness to those in need. Maybe it’s about quiet moments of reflection or joining a larger community in celebration.

No matter how you celebrate, Thanksgiving offers an opportunity to focus on gratitude as a practice—something that enriches not just this one day but our lives year-round. It challenges us to carry its lessons into the everyday: to be mindful of the good in our lives, to nurture relationships, and to find strength in unity and resilience.

A Call to Gratitude

As we honor the history and traditions of Thanksgiving, let’s also embrace its timeless message: that gratitude is a force capable of transforming not just individuals but entire communities. In this spirit, may we all find ways to express thanks, strengthen our connections, and foster unity in our own unique ways. Thanksgiving is more than a holiday—it’s an invitation to reflect on the blessings we share and the bonds that hold us together.

Looking Ahead: Exploring the Depths of Thanksgiving and Gratitude

As we reflect on Thanksgiving’s evolution and its significance in our lives, there’s so much more to uncover about this remarkable holiday and its enduring themes. Future posts will dive deeper into the significant milestones in U.S. history that helped shape Thanksgiving into the inclusive celebration we know today. From the Pilgrims’ early feast with the Wampanoag to Abraham Lincoln’s proclamation during the Civil War and Franklin D. Roosevelt’s role in codifying it as a federal holiday, we’ll explore the pivotal moments and key figures who played a role in its development. Along the way, we’ll also examine the broader historical and cultural context that has made Thanksgiving such a universal and unifying occasion.

We’ll take a closer look at the stories behind the people who helped Thanksgiving evolve—leaders like Sarah Josepha Hale, whose tireless advocacy brought the holiday into national focus, and lesser-known contributors whose efforts have been overshadowed by time. These narratives will illuminate how Thanksgiving became a reflection of the American spirit: resilient, inclusive, and grateful.

But gratitude shouldn’t be limited to one day a year. In future posts, we’ll also explore creative ways to incorporate gratitude into everyday life, drawing inspiration from modern psychological research and timeless wisdom. How can we cultivate a spirit of thankfulness in our daily routines? What small practices can make gratitude a powerful force in our relationships, work, and personal growth? From journaling and mindfulness to acts of kindness and reflection, we’ll offer practical ideas for living out the principles of Thanksgiving every day.

Thanksgiving is more than a historical tradition or a holiday meal—it’s an invitation to embrace gratitude as a way of life. Join me as we continue this journey into the history, meaning, and practice of one of America’s most cherished cultural institutions. There’s so much more to discover, and I’m excited to share it with you!

Excerpt

Thanksgiving is more than a holiday—it’s a celebration of gratitude, resilience, and unity. From its origins with the Pilgrims to its evolution alongside U.S. history, Thanksgiving reminds us to cherish our blessings. Join me as we explore its rich history and timeless message, inspiring gratitude every day of the year.

Resources

• The Science of Gratitude. By Summer Allen PhD, Greater Good Science Center, GGSC-JTF_White_Paper-Gratitude-FINAL.pdf
• Progress in the Science of Gratitude, Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology, https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34277/chapter-abstract/290635094?redirectedFrom=fulltext
• What is Gratitude and Why Is It So Important? By Tiffany Sauber Millacci, Ph.D., 28 Feb 2017,   Positive Psychology.com, https://positivepsychology.com/gratitude-appreciation/
• Atad, O.I., Russo-Netzer, P. The Effect of Gratitude on Well-being: Should We Prioritize Positivity or Meaning?. J Happiness Stud 23, 1245–1265 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-021-00448-4
• Gratitude Bible Verses https://www.biblestudytools.com/topical-verses/gratitude-bible-verses/
• Bible Verses about Gratitude https://dailyverses.net/gratitude
• 50 Powerful Bible Scriptures on Gratitude https://connectusfund.org/50-powerful-bible-scriptures-on-gratitude